Essay on Managerial Economics and Business Strategy

Dr. David J. St. Clair Managerial Economics and Business Strategy 3551 #6 Answers – Summer 2012 1. What type of evidence did Dupont introduce in its plastic wrap trial that proved decisive in its acquittal? __ It brought in cross elasticities to show that there were many substitutes for plastic wrap. It then argued that the market had to be defined to include all substitutes. This broadened the definition of the market to the point where DuPont’s market share was small.___ 2. What had Alcoa done that made the judge find it guilty of being a monopoly? _ It had a market share above 90%_. Did the judge rule that Alcoa was a â€Å"dirty† firm? _ No ___ 3. Why did the verdict in the U.S. Steel†¦show more content†¦What was Brown Shoe accused of in the Kinney Shoe antitrust case? ____ vertical market foreclosure _____ 22. What was the remedy in the Brown Shoe/Kinney Shoe Case? ____ The merger was disallowed and the two firms were separated _______ 23. What does the firm have to do in a consent decree? _ stop the offending practices without admitting guilty _. What does the Justice Department agree to do in return? ___ drops the case _ 24. Why do most firms prefer a consent decree to a trial, even when they feel that they are innocent? __ the case is quickly resolved and there is no conviction that can be used to expose the firm to civil suits seeking triple damages __ 25. Are interlocking directorates illegal per se? Yes. Is price fixing illegal per se? Yes 26. Are tying contracts illegal per se? Yes Is price discrimination illegal per se? _ No 27. How can the Justice Department and the FCC respond to a notification of merger filed under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act? (Hint: they have three options.) __1) approve; 2) deny; or 3) approve with conditions __ 28. English Common law became the basis for American Common Law. What dos the Common Law say about damages for parties injured by restraint of trade? ___ injured parties are can collect triple damages ____ 29. Which type of elasticity is often important in antitrust cases? _ cross elasticity __ 30. Why did theShow MoreRelatedManagerial Economics Business Strategy Chapter 41528 Words   |  7 PagesManagerial Economics Business Strategy Chapter 4 The Theory of Individual Behavior Michael R. Baye, Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, 6e.  ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 Overview I. Consumer Behavior Indifference Curve Analysis Consumer Preference Ordering II. Constraints The Budget Constraint Changes in Income Changes in Prices III. Consumer Equilibrium IV. Indifference Curve Analysis Demand Curves Individual Demand Market Demand Michael R. Baye, ManagerialRead MoreManagerial Economics And Management Decisions By C. M. Birch1702 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction According to Managerial Economics and Management Decisions by C. M. 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Apple Swot Analysis †2 Free Essays

string(80) " that their value have decrease in stock is because of the death of Steve Jobs\." Apple SWOT Analysis II Cesar Diaz MGT/521 Management October 31, 2011 Erick Espinosa Abstract Apple is a company that concerned of the environment and has been working for more than 20 years to minimize the impact their products have on the environment. Apple has developed and formulate an environmental policy in 1990 and since then, Apple has continue making their products more energy efficient, eliminating toxic substances. Apple is also the only organization that all the products they sell not only meets but exceeds the firm energy guidelines of the ENERGY STAR specification. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Swot Analysis – 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 2009 become the first company to report their total carbon footprint giving the opportunity to their clients to see Apple progress and efforts. Studying the financial statements of Apple investors and also costumers can determinate the health of the company, with the statements investors can decide if is a good investment risk by studying them in depth because the financial statements inform all of the business assets and liabilities and also include information about how much shareholders would receive as dividends from each share of stock. Companies calculate the earnings per share by dividing their net income by the total number of outstanding stock. Apple SWOT Analysis The environment of Apple is unique in this type of industry, because they focus on all the steps that their products pass through, Apple calculate their carbon footprint establishing the impact the company has in the planet. The footprint of Apple is divide in 46% on Manufacturing, a 6% on Transportation, a 45% on Product use, 1% of Recycling and the last 2% in Facilities The vast majority of our carbon emissions come from the manufacturing, transportation, use, and recycling of our products. The rest — 2 percent — come from our facilities. The way Apple minimize the impact of their growth is designing the products using less material, ship with smaller packaging and been as energy efficient and recyclable as Apple possible can. Apple remains committed to creating products that have the least amount of impact on the environment. Since 2008, as our revenue grew 74 percent, our greenhouse gas emissions grew only 57 percent. In other words following Energy Star qualification all products of Apple go beyond the USA Environmental Protection Agency`s strict ENERGY STAR guidelines for efficiency and has become the only company that can make that claim. In the past few years has made notable reduction in carbon Emissions (http://images. apple. com/environment/ images/manufacturing_ emissions_20110909. jpg) also the CO 2 Emissions per hour of products have considerable reduce (http://images. apple. com/environment/images/product_graph_20110909. pg) Apple continues to install state-of-the-art digital controls, high-efficiency mechanical equipment, and monitoring technology and Apple have a commitment to recycle, that also have Recycling Program and with this increasing their goal all year. The goal for 2010-2015 is a 70% of weight Recycled per year. (http://images. appleinsider. com/apple-e-waste-perc-070502. gif) Apple Inc. is an American based multinational company whose stocks are listed in the  New York S tock  Exchange and NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) under the symbol AAPL. The company specializes in the design, development and manufacturing of electronic equipments like computers, software and smart  phones. The hardware related product line of the company is well known to everyone; including iphone, Macintosh and ipad and ipod respectively. While there are multiple range of software`s offered by the company to its customers that ranges from operating system to the entertainment and educational based software suits. There are several statements that can be analyzed to establish the health of Apple each one with different meaning and purpose. The income statement is for measures a company’s financial performance over a specific accounting period. This is one of the three major financial statements; it also  shows the net profit or loss incurred over a specific accounting period, typically over a fiscal quarter or year. The income statement of Apple is In the last quarter the Revenue (in billion) of three of Apple products Ipod, Mac and iPhone) is of 28. 23 and the cost of Revenue is 16. 89. The gross profit is 11. 38, which leave us between the selling, administration and expenses, also the department of research and development a total operating expense 19. 56. so after taxes the income available Is 6. 62 with this information investor can identify how Apple has been growing despite the death of their executive chief. The balance sheet will give the summarize of a company’s asset s, liabilities and  shareholders’ equity  at a specific point in  time. Knowing what Apple owns and what owes and also the amount invested by the shareholders. Seen the graphic, it’s enough to appreciate that Apple does not owes nothing and the assets are increasing more each quarter Cash ; Equivalents 9,815. 00 Short Term Investments 16,137. 00 Cash and Short Term Investments 25,952. 00 Total Receivables, Net 11,717. 00 Total Current Assets 44,988. 00 Long Term Investments 55,618. 00 Total Assets 116,371. 00 Total Liabilities 39,756. 00 Total Equity 76,615. 00 Total Liabilities ; Shareholders’ Equity 116,371. 00 Total Common Shares Outstanding 929. 28 And the last statement to study is cash flow, this is a A revenue or expense stream that changes a cash account  over a given period. Cash inflows usually  arise from one of three activities – financing, operations or investing – although this also occurs as a result of donations or gifts in the case of personal finance. Cash outflows result from expenses or  investments. This holds true for both business and personal finance. This statement provides aggregate data regarding all  cash inflows a company receives from both its ongoing operations and external investment sources, as well as  all cash outflows that pay for business activities and investments during a  given quarter. As we can see in the graphic and confirm with the numbers Apple has increase their operating activities but the investing are dropping fast enough to realize that even is a good market rentable their stock are not valuable right now, we can say that one of the reason that their value have decrease in stock is because of the death of Steve Jobs. You read "Apple Swot Analysis – 2" in category "Papers" After reviewing each statement I can understand that the company is financial speaking, healthy because it have values that makes the company special, such as the quality in their products and cares about the planet, also the revenue are increasing and is a solid business because is always improving for increase the profit and reduce the cost. That concern to me because as an young entrepreneur learn to measure an investment`s risk. Management use this information to see the weak points have to strengthen and how is the company doing, is the duty of the manager make the revenue of the company always increase and find a way to reduce the cost. The stocks of Apple have a value of 404. 78 and a valuation change of -0. 04% Apple has 929. 28M of Shares and 70% of the installations Apple is the owner, comparing Apple with other companies is simple to appreciate that (see table) Apple is the most stable for investment and with more market capital to invest, also is the most active in dollar volume improving in technology and research, certificating the quality of Apple products. Key stats and ratios | Q3 (Sep ’11) | 2011 | Net profit margin | 23. 43% | 23. 95% | Operating margin | 30. 81% | 31. 22% | EBITD margin | – | 32. 87% | Return on average assets | 23. 81% | 27. 06% | Return on average equity | 36. 40% | 41. 67% | Employees | 46,600 | – | Carbon Disclosure Rating | – | 80/100| In terms of technology advancement Apple is pioneer because have the brains of Steve Jobs, Jonathan Ives and other top visionaries at the company But it would be a mistake to think that only these few drive all of Apple’s vision and long term strategy. Indeed, as I understand it, the visionary conclusions they come to that drive Apple is quite a collaborative effort. A good example of technology advancement is the iPhone, that product began when some engineers showed Steve Job’s a larger touch screen version of an iPod they created in 2004, It took three years to pull off but in 2007, Apple introduced the iPhone and its apps eco system and as you know, this changed the course of smart phone history. Since then, every handset maker and PC vendors has been playing catch up with Apple. It has taken at least two years for the competition to pull alongside Apple but with each new generation of the iPhone, Apple seems to raise the bar. The 4th generation of the iPhone introduced the retina screen and a front facing camera and who knows what will be in the next generation iPhone when it comes out this summer. What Apple does is use its cash hoard to pay for the construction cost (or a significant fraction of it) of the factory in exchange for exclusive rights to the output production of the factory for a set period of time (maybe 6 – 36 months), and then for a discounted rate afterwards. This yields two advantages: First Apple has access to new component technology months or years before its rivals. This allows it to release groundbreaking products that are actually impossible  to duplicate. And second Eventually its competitors catch up in component production technology, but by then Apple has their arrangement in place whereby it can source those parts at a lower cost due to the discounted rate they have negotiated. Once those technologies (or more accurately, their mass production techniques) become sufficiently commoditized, Apple is then able to compete effectively on cost and undercut rivals. It’s a myth that Apple only makes premium products – it makes them all right, but that is because they are literally more advanced than anything else (i. e. the price premium is not just for design), and once the product line is no longer premium, they are produced  more cheaply  than competitor equivalents, yielding higher margins, more cash, which results in more ability to continue the cycle. There is one other strategic advantage that Apple has that does not make them happy and that is Apple’s $60 billion cash in the bank. Although there has been suggestion from stockholders that some of that be given back to shareholders, Jobs and team have argued that they need it for acquisitions and other competitive issues. Well, it turns out the competitive issue they are talking about is the ability to pre-buy components in large quantities and at big price breaks. One example was the $500 million purchase of flash memory Apple did three or four years ago that almost wiped out the entire supply of flash at the time and drove the price f flash for competitors up. Apple is currently working on the differentiation strategy by putting unique elements in the design and development of its products. The differentiation strategy is defined as a strategy that aims to develop the products and or services that have unique characteristics that are well liked by the customers and are valued by them. This strategy enhances the market position of the companies with respect to their counterparts (Porter, 1998). Moreover, the company strategies also involve the expansion of its distribution network  in order to improve its global reach by providing high quality products and services with after  sales services to their customers. Therefore, the company is positioned uniquely in the markets to offer superior and integrated digital technologies and productivity solutions. The company faces aggressive competition from the other market players. According to Hoover (2011) the top three competitors of Apple Inc. in United States are Fujitsu Technology Solutions (Holding) B. V. , International Business Machines Corporation and Media Net Digital, Inc. respectively. The needs of the markets it caters are highly competitive in nature due to the ever changing and advancing technological environment and the rapid introduction of new technology based products. The main competitors of the company are following cost leadership strategies by reducing the prices of their products or by maintaining low profit margins to maintain their market share. There are various forces that can impact the business and profitability of Apple. These factors may include the marketing mix  ± product, price, place, promotion strategies, product  performance, the quality and reliability of the product, innovative designs as well as the availability of up to date software services. Currently, the management of the company is focusing on the expansion of its business markets related to the smart phones and other media and communication devices. Therefore, it is expected that the competition in these markets will tend to increase for the company. Conclusion Apple competitors delight in going head-to-head with Apple in hardware, because they can compete with them at this level. But it’s the combinations of its hardware that’s created specifically to be a vehicle for its software and the software itself that really sets Apple apart. And, there is another element to Apple’s â€Å"blank screen† strategy that adds to its competitive advantage. It makes Apple driven content a cornerstone of its extended software offerings. Also the study result showed that the company is doing pretty well in the global markets due the integrated resources and operative capabilities that are outcome of globalization. Apple Inc. lags only in its outsourcing associations with the other company’s at different countries of the world. In order to improve the outsourcing practices ethically, Apple can strictly ask its outsourcing partners to comply with the ethical rules, and regulations. References Apple Finance (2011, October 18). Apple Financial Result [Audio podcast]. Conference Call. Retrieved from http://stream. qtv. apple. com/events/oct/earnings/earnings_11/earnings_ref. mov Apple Inc.. (October 21, 2011). Environmental Policy. Retrieved from http://www. apple. com/privacy/ Apple an the Enviroment. (2011, Summer). Environmental Progress. Retrieved from http://www. apple. com/environment/progress/ Bajarin, T. (2011, March 5). Apple`s Strategic Advantage. Retrieved from http://technologypundits. com/2011/03/apples-strategic-advantage/ Google Finace. (2011, Octuber 31). Apple Summary Statement. Retrieved from http://www. google. com/finance? q=NASDAQ:AAPL McHugh, N. W. (2010). Understanding business (9th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.. How to cite Apple Swot Analysis – 2, Papers

Anne Frank Essay Example For Students

Anne Frank Essay The events recounted in Anne Frank Essays Diary took place during World War 11. By 1933, the strongest party in Germany had gained ultimate power with Hitler under their command. Hitler was Germanys dictator who spread his gospel of racial hatred through politics. While poverty and unemployment were at an all time high he launched a campaign of anti-Semitism. Hitlers main target was the Jews, claiming that they were racially inferior. He developed an idea of a Master Aryan Race, the need to rid Germany of inferior people, such as Jews and Gypsies, and the need to expand Germanys borders. In doing this, he caused many Jews to abandoned their homes and go into total isolation. The Frank family was one of many who endured Hitlers wrath. The Diary of Anne Frank is about a little girl who tells her story of struggle and courage through her diary. On Annes thirteenth birthday she received various presents, but the present that she cherished the most was her diary that she named Kitty. The Diary of Anne Frank, captures Annes feelings, emotions, thoughts, and events that surrounded her. This truly shows how the Diary of Anne Frank is one of the most widely read books in the world. Anne Franks diary was probably the first work that people actually got too see what the Holocaust was all about. Certainly it must be the best book for the subject. The diary brings together her childhood and then only known surviving footage of Anne Frank. This is a great way to describe a portrait of Annes life, character flaws, and everything else. In order to enjoy this piece of literary work, you must first learn the importance on Jewish culture. This work is like no other of any Holocaust books. This is actually a way to experience the painful experience the Jewish people had to endure during this awful and evil period of time. This story takes us into the eyes of Anne rank. The Holocaust in literally brought to life. This literary work truly shows how Anne Frank was a martyr of racism and an insightful chronicler of her time period and place. The work also shows the typical adolescence of Anne Frank and her constant arguments with her mother in particular. It also deals with the day to day hiding she and her family went through. The only problem with the book is that the fact that Anne Frank rewrote her diary about two months before she was captured because she wanted her journal to be published after the war and she wanted to peruse a career in journalism. Therefore it is hard to tell what existed in her original copy and how much did she add afterwards. This tells us that we will never know how much knowledge Anne Frank possessed. It is not the information that should be questioned, but the chronology. Anne Franks diary is an invaluable historical account. The book shows no detail on what was re-written, maybe because the information is not available. The answer to the question of whether or not Anne Franks Diary is a reasonable assessment is no because certain excerpts were taken beforehand. She meant to say that the Diary Anne Frank was a good way to experience the Holocaust but at the same time there is a lot of missing information.-Review By Carrie Gorringe. She is trying to say that there must be critical facts that are not shown in the book due to that fact that it was rewritten shortly before her death and the fact that it was translated into different languages. She reviews it as a great source of actually living the Holocaust through the eyes of Anne Frank but also to be in tuned that perhaps a lot of information is simply just not there. This critic tried to say that without the missing evidence, there is a lot of knowledge we are missing. She explains how without this knowledge one cannot truly see everything the young girl, Anne Frank, saw throughout this dreadful time of the Holocaust. The reviewer tells us that there are too many missing links, which the editors of the diary are maybe trying to hide, or maybe everything just simply never found. The saddest part in the Diary of Anne Frank is the part where the book talks about how Anne Frank talked to her friend Hanneli Goslar across a barb-wired barrier at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly before her death. This .

Strategic Analysis of Delta Airlines free essay sample

This report will be discussing strategic management to a company in the airline industry. This report will examine a chosen company’s strategic management and outline the stages. Strategic management is analyzing the situation facing the firm, also on the foundation of analysis formulating a strategy and lastly implementing strategy. Strategic management is the identification and the description of strategies that can be used by managers so as to attain better performance which in turn will ensure competitive advantage for their organization. It can be used to determine things like the mission, vision, goal, values, mission, timeline objectives, roles and responsibilities. 1. 0 Introduction There are three ongoing processes that strategic management of an organization entails; these are the analysis, decision making and action. The main concern of strategic management is the analysis of strategic goals, as well as the analysis of both the external and internal environment of an organization. A strategic management directs the overall company goals, which includes multiple stakeholders, incorporates short term as well as long term objectives, and oversees the trade-offs between effectiveness and efficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis of Delta Airlines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Having a good management strategy, an organisation is able to achieve its goals and meets its expectations. With the used use of well formulated strategies, a company will always prosper and generate great results. Without well formulated objective goals a company or an organisation cannot exist, since every company has a reason for it existence. After analyzing of the organization’s objective goals and a good strategic plan, leaders are expected to make strategic decisions; the decisions should address two basic questions: What is the industry that we should compete with? What formula should be used to compete in those industries? A company needs to know its immediate competitors once it starts operating. A company should formulate a well design that will enable the company to beat all its competitors in the market and so that it can make more profits from its consumers or customers. These questions can be useful for the organization in both domestic and international environment. Finally comes the action that must be acted upon; unless action is taken, decisions are useless. It is the actions that are taken by firms, which implement the strategy (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel, 2009). In this analysis, three major processes of strategic management processes will be discussed in a more detailed manner. These strategic processes are strategy analysis, strategy formulation, and strategy implementation. They help the company in overcoming the many challenges that companies are facing in today’s global market place. Strategy Analysis- contains general environment analysis and competitive environment. It is the starting point of a strategic management. Strategy implementation is the process in which the management sees that all the set objectives and goals are effective and have value to the company. It ensure that the organisation has a proper strategic controls. Strategy formulation is of how the organization is to compete in different business environment to attain competitive advantage. To see that the company’s set strategies have become a reality, leaders should take the necessary resource and take time to design the organization. Strategy Implementation Strategy Formulation Strategy Analysis 2. 0 Strategic Analysis Strategy analysis might be seemed upon as the first spot of the strategic management development. It is made up the ‘advance work’ that has to be done so as to efficiently formulate and implement strategies. Lots of strategies are not succeed for the reason that manager might fancy to formulate and implement strategies, not including a cautious analysis of the important goals of the organization and not including a thorough analysis of its external and internal environment (Lumpkin amp; Dess, 2005). 2. 1 The General Environment The general environment define that the progression of developing strategy for a business by exploring the environment and business in which it activates (Business dictionary, n. d. ). 2. 1. 1 PEST Analysis PEST analysis will be able to be utilized to help detect trends in the external environment that will eventually discover their method into the competitive environment. It gives a relation between the general and competitive environments in that weak signals in the general environment are able to become main forces for transform in the competitive environment. (Henry, 2011) 2. 1. 2 Strength Delta airline uses merger so as to be able to expend its business. In 2008 the company merged with Northwest airlines. It operates in Europe, North America and Asia/Pacific regions. Once the merger was complete, Northwest Airlines and all its constituents become wholly-owned by Delta Airlines. The merger saw to it that Delta Airlines started operating in the Northwest for FY 2008. In the period of two month that is from October of 2008 the time the merger was completed to December of 2008, the company had increased it revenues to $2 billion. Having a flexible nature, allows Delta to improve customer services, and in the long run be able to achieve its strategic objectives. Delta airlines have multilateral and formed alliances with other airlines. This is beneficial since the airline is able to gain access to international airlines. By forming alliance, the airlines share codes, access to passenger lounges, promotions, airport gate and ticket counter, marketing agreement and ticket office co-location. 2. 1. 3 Weakness Delta airline tend to be over depended on North America airlines for its revenues. 66. 4% of the company’s revenues are derived from North America. By having heavy dependency on the market, the company is susceptible to any change that s associated with that geographical region. Delta airline has high indebtedness, in the final financial year of 2008 of $16,571 million which was an increase of 84. 1% over the financial year ending in 2007. The industry also has poor communication method; there is no clear link from the management to the passengers. The airline is not innovative, in that it does not come up with new ideas, what the airline does, is the same thing that is being done by other airlines. 2. 1. 4 Opportunities. There is an expected growth of international boarding on big careers, and smaller regions are expected to grow. Total aviation fleet is expected to grow to 1% an year. This is an advantage to for Delta airline that is engaged in the air transport system, it is therefore position to capitalize on the ever increasing US region airline industry. The growth of maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO) market is the other thing that gives support and opportunity for Delta airline. There is a lot of service that is offered by Delta that is from MRO, and with the growth of MRO, creates an opportunity for delta to capitalize on the industry as well as expanding its revenues and profits. . 1. 5 Threats. The economical crises that is global, has affected Delta airline severely. The crunch from the credit, the financial crises and the oil prices going up affect the airline industry directly. A don turn in the economy posses as a challenge for Delta airline, the financial turmoil has put delta airline in a fix, and any further global economic recession will hinder Delta’s ability to be able to achieve and sustain profitability. 2. 2 The Competitive Environment The competitive environment impact on an organization’s performance more directly. Some of the factors that influence competition are cost, events, labour and season. These factors do not only affect competition, they also influence how the competition will be rendered. By identifying certain competitors, cost can be reduced, and firm can put more efforts on identifying the risks. For Delta airlines to be able to deal with competition, they should recognize the need to grow. 2. 2. 1 Porter’s Five Forces Framework. Evaluating some of the determinants of industry profitability and assessing firm performance by Porter’s five forces framework is a suitable tool of analysis. The framework allows a firm to evaluate the attraction of its business founded on the relation strength of those five forces. Given its resources, a firm is able to take a judgment as to which industries it is able to compete in most effectively and place it to decrease the opposing effect of those forces. According to critics of the 5 forces framework, the main limitation is its static nature (Henry, 2011). 2. 2. 2 The Threat of new Entrants. In terms of The Threat of new Entrants means of transportation, especially airlines are vulnerable. Because of the deregulation in 1970’s~1980’s, legal entry barriers removed. According to the latest statistics, if someone invest only $ 35 million, it is possible to advance the airline industry. This is tolerable if you would afford enough amounts for small and medium enterprises. The threat of new entrant is quite high. (Gross, S. , Schroeder, A. 2007) The bargaining power of suppliers in the airlines industry is vulnerable from In terms of the bargaining power of suppliers. The bargaining power of suppliers will be stronger when the demand of supplier is low, when the supplier to supply the goods has been differentiated and when there is no alternative to the provider (Lynch, 2008). . 2. 3 The threat of substitutes. There are three main forms of threat of substitutes in the airline industry. Rail, road and boat services are existed. Of these, the rail is definitely the main threat in the air industry. It serves a great service delivery around the major city. However, Delta airline promise that offer faster journeys. For instance, from New York to LA it t akes 5-6 hours by airplane, on the other hand, train takes 2-3 days. 2. 3 The internal environment. An internal environment is the environment that is within the firm. They are the policies, manage, employees and working condition that has been set for them. SWOT analysis is important for the firm as it will enable it to create a situation where it can attain competitive advantage (Thompson and Martin, 2005). Using Porter’s five force Delta airline should be able to determine the best approach that they can use so as to attain stability in the internal environment (Henry, 2011); by doing so the firm is ensuring that   all the areas that constitutes the internal environment have been looked at and no loop hole has be left. This will strengthen the operations of the firm, creating policies that will stabilize the firm, as well as ensuring long term results. 2. 3. 1 Value Chain Analysis. Value Chain Analysis is a strategy tool using to analyze internal company actions. Its aims are recognizing, which undertakings are the most valuable (i. e. are the foundation of cost or diversity benefit) to the company and which ones is able to be improved to offer competitive benefits (Strategic management insight, 2012). 2. 3. 2 The resource-based view of strategy. The height of competition in an industry is important if the industry is to underlay its strategy. An organization should be able to understand the elements that make the structure, and take action in order to influence or perhaps mitigate the brought effects. Managers should be able o identify the sources and how they are likely to affect the strategic decision. For instance, the concern of the simply nature that other firms are allowed o join the industry. Since if everything is constant, and then entry barriers should be put so that they can ensure profits that are above average ((Henry, 2011). . 0 Strategy Formulation The process of choosing most excellent course of action for achieving organizational objectives and from accomplishing organizational purpose Strategy implementation- contains planning the organization’s structure, managing human resources, developing decision making process, distributing resources. There are two things that should be determined by the manage rs when it comes to attaining competitive advantage in the market, producing substances that are unique, or selling at low-cost, and at times a combination of both (Henry, 2011). When organizations come up with idea that works, they are copied by their competitors, almost immediately. For instance in the 1980’s, American Airlines tried to attain a competitive advantage by creation of frequently flyer program. A few weeks later all the airlines had copied this idea. This made frequently flyer program change from a competitive advantage to a measure of competitive parity. Delta Air Lines Industry: Airline Founded: 1928 Country: United States Employees: 78,400 Sales: $35. 12 B (April 2012) Asset: $43. 5 B (April 2012) Profit: $854 M (April 2012) Delta Air Lines (Delta) is a principal United States airline. Delta Airlines was established by Huff Daland Dusterson May 30, 1924 in Georgia. Delta Air Lines and branches control over 5,000 flights daily and have nearly 80,000 employees. Delta offers reserved air transport for customers and cargo all through the United States and all around the world. The Companys path network gives it existence in all domestic and global market. Deltas route network is placed on the core system it controls at airport thus enabling it to reach different destinations. Each of these core processes contains flights that collect and allocate traffic from markets in the geographical area surrounding the hub to domestic and international cities and to other hubs (Forbes, 2012). 3. 1 Business strategy level. When it comes to business level, Delta airlines is focused in ensuring customer satisfaction, despite what other airlines are doing. Though competition might be proliferated, Delta airlines have always managed to be on top by ensuring that customers get the best. The airline does not follow the rules that are set by other business when it comes to prices and fare. In the airline industry, Delta, united, Southwest, US airways, American airline consist of large companies and between them dominate the airline industry with a combined market share of around 71 percent. These are the close rivals of Delta airlines, and when the firm is doing its strategic management, it should also look into these rivals, so as to plan a way to say a head which is the whole point of strategics and planning. The point is not copying what these firms do, but finding a weakness in these firms and using that weakness to attain advantage. 3. 2 Corporate level. In order for an organization to attain success, they should link human resource management and corporate together. This would be helpful in situation where the firm is required to make quick decisions and respond rapidly to a situation. The Delta airline makes the necessary moves in order to establish great chance in the survival in different business fields and achieve an appropriate amount of diversification. The main concept of corporate strategy is that the organisation identifies the types of business the company should invest in. It also tackles the question of in which line f business is the company suitable to take? For a company to be success it should always do a survey on the best business market to invest in. The management does estimates of every business and the competitors in the market even when starting the organisation. Delta airline has linked the two together, and this is the reason that the company is always active and does not take a long time to respond to situ ations. The expansion of Delta airline has been as a result of the way is doing well in the airline industry. Otherwise corporate strategy helps the company to review its ability to expand or reduce its expansion. When airline form alliances, they gain opportunities to handling the airport ground, maintainers of aircraft and in-sourcing. Code sharing enables airlines to sell seat as well as expansion of the number of destinations. Airlines with the code sharing are allowed to offer. Consistency is another thing that has made Delta makes it in this competitive industry. Since Delta is a large airline, and even during the slowdown, the company has recorded a finical performance that is significant in the past years. The company has increased its revenues, due to the mergers, increase in fare, and also increased service to international destinations. . 3 International strategy and Globalization. The fact that airlines had gone global, even before globalization, one might expect that as the global experience enriches, then the airlines especially the legacy carriers would be well positioned and take advantage of globalization. That has not been the case, globalization unlike the opportunity that i t has offered other industries, when it comes to airlines, it has been a threat. This is the reason that Delta airline has secured its position, globally by forming mergers and partnership. This has made it to be on top and deal with competition as well as issues like restrictions and antitrust. 3. 4 Assessing organizational Performance. So as to be able to analyze how a firm is doing in the industry. This is important as it will enable the firm to identify the areas that they need o improve on, as well as compare what they are doing and what other firms are doing (Capon, 2008). Performance should not be assessed as a firm in general, but to be able to attain results, firms should analyze the performance of every sector. This would enable the firm to see the area that re bringing it down, and plan for the best method that these areas can be improved. If one sector is not working well, then chances are this could spread out to other fields and in the long run; the firm can be affected entirely. Delta airlines have a method that they use to analyze the performance of the firm. In fact, their website has been open for customer’s feedback, so that they can be able to identify some of the areas that the customers were not satisfied with. Analyzing of the performance and operation of this organization is hat has kept it on the top. The company strives to ensure that customers are satisfied, and happy with the service. Delta strives due to the fact that the management has ensured that the organization is characterized with the right people, guidelines, and principles. The company has also created an anonymous channel where complains can be forwarded by the customers. When it comes to the workers, Delta Airlines offers the best employee package. In the website one can be able to read some of the feedback that have been given by the employees, both who are still working with the airline, and those who are not. Ensuring that the employees are satisfied is one of the strategies that Delta Airlines use to deal with competition. It is believed that if employees are happy, chances are they will deliver service that are of quality to the passengers. 4. 0 Strategic implementation 4. 1 System change Delta is recognized throughout the industry as unique, due to the extensive flight and brand legacy. This is evident after the merger between Delta and U. S. airlines, even thou these companies were both public acknowledge, they opted to go with the Delta airlines as the brand name. Delta has been faced with bankruptcy, but has managed to fair well, it has attempted airline at a low cost, and any route implementation, thou some of the route mentioned have not been implemented. Even after the enormous proliferation of competition schemes in business strategic literature, the most influential proliferation in the last two decades have been, competitive positioning and resource base view. Firm’s resource includes; assets, process of organization, capabilities, attributes, knowledge and information. They are inputs that are used to facilitate an organization to be able to function. Not all resources that are available to the organization have importance, there are only a few that can be used to insert value and create strategy, which puts the organization in a competitive advantage. 4. 2 Strategic leadership. The formulation that an organization uses to stay ahead and attain competitive advantage should be unique and original. The mistake that is done by many firms, is copying he strategic from other firms in the industry and by the end of the day, there is no level competition since everyone is offering the same things, techniques and innovation ends up being a forgotten element. So as to see that the set strategies have become a reality, leaders should take the necessary resource and take time to design the organization. The study of strategic management is a study that enables one to understand why some organization outperforms others. For are this reason, manager are expected to have a plan on how the organization is to compete, o that it can not only attain competitive advantage, but also to have this advantage over a long period of time. There are two important questions that the firm should focus on if they want to attain a length competitive advantage (McGee, Thomas and Wilson, 2005). What method must we use in order to attain competitive advantage? How can we create a competitive advantage that is unique, long lasting and not easy to be substituted of copied? 4. 2. 1 Political. In a political context, Delta airlines have dealt with various political issues over the past few years. It has been tasked with balancing and satisfying both its potential customers and the numerous governments it continues to operate its business with. Over the past few years, Delta has run into hot water over its policies in the middle east and domestically, in America. A prominent example was its controversial tie up with Saudi Arabian Airlines in 2011; whereby it agreed to refuse services to Israeli passport holders and Jews while operating over Saudi Arabian soil. This was agreed in principle and practice, in accordance with Saudi Arabian laws. 4. 2. 2 Economical. The airline industry has been subject to a handful of economic impacts. Such as, slowdown in the growth rate, rising Crude Oil Price. The most significant impact in recent years has been oil price, rising all around the world. Airline ticket price is adjusted by Crude Oil Price, and its effects are harshly felt on the airline industry. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), crude oil for transport in June rose by an additional 40 cents to $91. 83 a barrel; and Brent North Sea crude for June transport improved 32 cents to $102. 05 in the morning trade (The News, 2013). Another economical factor is worldwide economic crisis. The recent financial disaster is the worst the world had realized since the Great Depression in the 1930s. Therefore, airline industry is affected by the world financial crisis (Yale global, 2013). . 2. 3 Social. Increasing needs of popularity of holidays overseas has been tending to an explosion in a request for air travel. All around the world, an average age of the population is growing steadily. Babies are born fewer. Moreover, enhancing medical skills have made many people live longer. Therefore, family and aged people have influence on the airline industry. Air travel demands are increasi ng gradually. 4. 2. 4 Technological Current airplane is more economical to manage. The 777 can hold the seats around 270 passengers, while another one can seat around 240. Furthermore, these are purchased using for the far distance routes. Delta had come to be the biggest air company consuming the Boeing’s out of production 717 planes under the contract that was produced in May, 2012 (US daily voice, 2013). Moreover, Delta has started to invest over $3 billion in technological facilities, service and technology global products to improve the passenger experience in the air. The investment has begun in 2010, and it will be maintained until 2015. Delta has finished setting up of full flat-bed seats in all deltas’ aircraft cabin (Marianas variety, 2013). . 3 Cooperate governance Having the right channel and right people to work in the airline, and guidelines is what has made delta airlines to be on top. The management has implemented that having connection with the right people and doing business in the right manner is what will put the business on top. 5. 0 SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis consents an organization to evaluate the suitable of its recent strategic to its moving environment, and to support turn possible treats into opportunities, and weaknesses into strengths. It can assist an organization to recognize its possessions and abilities more obviously, and or evaluate whether those are advantage or a restraint to developing opportunities in the market field. Finally, it is able to be used to support the organization’s formulate strategy (Henry, 2011). SWOT analysis is an important part of strategic management as it can be used to pointer for the manager at the areas that need to be looked into, and the area that are working, for the advantage of the company. It can also be used for planning of the organization future plans, by taking advantages of the opportunities that are available for the firm. Firms owe it to the clients; and these are the repository of firm’s activities. At the heart of both the management and at the heart of resides customer. Delta airlines are aware of the importance of the resources, they tend to fish all the resources that are necessary to satisfy customer, and put it at the bases of the policy. Delta uses the resources that are available to them to attain competitive advantage. Things like planning flight, more destinations in comparison to other airlines and also the fact that customers trust the airline since it has been in existence for a long time. 6. 0 Conclusion Delta airlines seems to have a bright future, this is due to the fact that despite the turbulence that has affected the airlines during the past decade, Delta has managed to beat the storm and be more successful in comparison with the competitors. Delta has come up with innovative customer friendly features as well as creation of a look that is more defined, that is in terms of their route structure and business practices. Even when fuel and labour cost went high, Delta managed to offer up to standard customer service at rates that are comparable. With the pans and changes outlined in the report, Delta airlines seems to safe for takeoff, but one should be trends with care, it might appear that the airline is headed for a ride that is bumpy. References: Business dictionary. (n. d). Strategic Analysis. Available: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/strategic-analysis. html. Last accessed 10th May 2013. Capon, C. (2008). Understanding Strategic Management, FT Prentice Hall. Gross, S. , Schroeder, A. (2007). Handbook of low cost airlines: strategies, business processes  and market environment. 1st ed. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag. Henry A. E. (2011). Understanding Strategic Management, Oxford University Press. http://www. strategy-business. com/article/00047? gko=19274 http://usdailyvoice. com/delta-airlines-plan-to-make-some-major-purchases-from-boeing-or-airbus-sas-715. html http://www. mvariety. com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/55403-delta-air-lines-upgrades-products-services http://www. huffingtonpost. om/rabbi-jason-miller/delta-airlines-saudi-arabia_b_883202. html http://www. thenews. com. pk/article-98312-Oil-prices-rise-in-Asia http://yaleglobal. yale. edu/content/global-economic-crisis http://www. managementstudyguide. com/resource-based-view. htm Lynch R. (2008). Strategic Management. (6th edn). FT Prentice Hall. Lumpkin, B. , Dess, G. (2005). Strategic Management: Text and Cases. 2nd ed. New York: Irwin       Professional. McGee J. Thomas H. and Wilson D. (2005). Strategy: Analysis and Practice,   McGraw-Hill Mintzberg H. , Ahlstrand B. and Lampel J. B. (2009). Strategy Safari: The Complete Guide. Shaw, S. , (2007). Airline marketing and management. 6th ed. USA: Ashgate Publishing. Strategic Management Insight. (2012). Value Chain Analysis. [Online] Available at:    http://www. strategicmanagementinsight. com/tools/value-chain-analysis. html [Accessed 10th May 2013]. Thompson J. L. and Martin F. (2005). Strategic Management (5th edn. ) Thomson. Witcher, B. J. , amp; Chau, V. S. (2010). Strategic management: principles and practice. [S. l. ],    Cengage Learning. www. delta. com/content/www/en delta/ /corporate-governance

Critique of Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone essays

Critique of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone essays I chose to watch and write a critique of the film Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. The exposition of this film is longer than most expositions. This long introduction is necessary to inform the audience of Harry Potters life before he finds out he is a wizard. The beginning of the film helps the audience to understand the reasons for Harrys social, psychological, and moral character traits. Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone tells the story of Harrys first of seven years at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. So the exposition isnt only an introduction to this film, but also an introduction to six more films that will eventually be released. In the exposition, Harry learns he is a wizard. This sets up a cause to effect organization. Most of the movie is organized in this way. The effect of Harry learning he is a wizard is him going to Hogwarts, the effect of that is he learns someone is trying to steal the sorcerers stone, etc. This moves the story along and organizes the film. The story is also organized by character. As Harry (and the audience) learns more about himself and his abilities, the film becomes more interesting and moves along. The film is presentational. The audience looks in on the film. The actors do not talk to the audience. If it was representational, it would seem less serious and it would be harder to get immersed in the plot. In the exposition, Harry learns that his parents were killed when he was a baby (instead of being in a car accident like he thought). He learns they were killed by Lord Voldemort, who was then unable to kill Harry. After trying to kill Harry, Voldemort loses his powers. Harry, the audience, and many characters all ask the same dramatic question: Is Voldemort still alive? Harry Potter is the protagonist of the film. The vast majority of the action revolves around him and he is the main character. The exposition reveals a lot about ...

How To Use The Psychology Of Habit Formation To Be A Better Marketer

How To Use The Psychology Of Habit Formation To Be A Better Marketer Has your smartphone ever beeped or vibrated to let you know that something, some piece of information or message, is waiting, just for you? Without even thinking, you read, listen to, or watch, and become completely absorbed in it. How have these pieces gained so much power over our behavior and attention? How do software companies hook us, and what can marketers learn from this phenomenon? Today’s guest is Nir Eyal, who says today’s smartest companies have melded psychology, business, and technology into habit-forming products. Nir is the best-selling author of Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. He’s an angel investor and expert in behavioral design. He unveils some psychological principles behind some of today’s biggest and most valuable companies. Skill of the century is the ability to cultivate focus Behavioral Design: Products that are most engaging and habit forming were built with consumer psychology in mind People use the Hooked model to engage with a product or service Step 1: Internal trigger (reason why you use a product to modulate your mood, to feel something different; products and services cater to emotional discomfort) What’s the user’s itch? What’s their pain point that occurs frequently enough to build a habit around? Step 2: Action (the simplest behavior done in anticipation of a reward and relief from discomfort; technology shortens the distance between the need and reward) Lewin’s Equation: â€Å"People act in accordance to their personality and their environment,† which means the easier something is, the more likely people are to do it Step 3: Reward Phase (the itch gets scratched, the customer’s need is satiated, and their problems are solved) Element of Variability: Something of mystery, something of uncertainty Three types of variable rewards are: Rewards of the tribe, rewards of the hunt, and rewards of the self If you can form a habit, you can engage people with your brand through a community/content habit, and monetization is the result of engagement Step 4: Investment Phase (increases likelihood of the next pass through the hook by loading the next trigger and storing value) Content, data, followers, and reputation are ways to get users to invest in your product Companies should make a deliberate effort to understand consumers better; what makes people click and tick, so you can build services that they want Links: NirandFar.com Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products Habit Summit Stack Overflow If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Marketing Podcast. The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Nir: â€Å"Where we always start is what’s the user’s itch? What’s their pain point that occurs frequently enough to build a habit around?† â€Å"The easier something is, the more likely people are to do it. † â€Å"Monetization is a result of engagement.†

Analysis of Color Adjustment Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Analysis of Color Adjustment - Movie Review Example Albeit with little variations, they still depict past â€Å"bad† images. The producer also brings to light the continuing identity crisis that continues in American television. He is able to contrast the ideal blacks depicted in sitcoms and sagas with the angrier, harsher ones presented in the news (Riggs et. al. 0:12). In a rather informative and straightforward manner, Marlon draws opinions from producers and stars from notable shows in the history of black television. He occasionally pauses to observe James Baldwin’s literature. Every one of the shows he discusses comes out as a show of both pride and pain. Tim Reid and Diahann Carroll, who were the main actors in popular television series significant in Mr. Riggs’ argument, openly talk about their varied response to â€Å"Amos ‘n’ and Andy†, a television show in which the N.A.A.C.P did say: â€Å"every temperament is either a crook or a clown.†(Riggs et. al. 0:32) As the film progresses, Ms. Carroll opens up about her family being adamant concerning not watching â€Å"Amos ‘n’ Andy.† It is only later that she could see the offensiveness in the show to see its humor (Riggs et. al. 0:25). With the chronological procession of the movie, it depicts Beulah, a jolly black servant who is committed to the white family who employs her. â€Å"That was a maid from Hollywood,† (Riggs et. al. 0:29) Esther, who starred in â€Å"Good Times† quips. In this case, she is referring to the Louse Beavers who was popularly called the grinning actress. She is the one responsible for making Beulah be acceptable to the white viewers. Beulah is black. The film, which debuted at the Anthropology Movie Archives, devoted attention to Nat Cole’s variety show. It signaled the initial non-comedic episodes that that starred black actors, but which was called off due to lack of sponsorship for an entire season.  Ã‚  

Ethnicity Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnicity - Article Example According to Maryann Cusimanno Love, the racial discrimination is not a matter with which the nation is over with. And there is ample room for improvement on the aspect of racial stereotyping. We as an advance nation, talking about the human rights and maintaining them on national level tend to ignore the privileges a citizen has right to enjoy; no matter which cast or race he/she belongs to. The rights and facilities given by state and law should be available and accessible to all. Is race no longer a barrier in United States? Inequities of the past still persist in our society? First we have to understand the true meaning and historical background of it, to relate it with today’s intensity of it in our responses. Prejudices or stereotypes are hidden bias which we consciously or unconsciously adapt from our environment. The fundamental quality of human brain to categorize people into certain groups according to their characteristics became the earliest foundation of discrimination. Both the terms, can be used in positive connotations also but it refers to negative belief in our society. Prejudice is a survival mechanism; we develop it to keep us safe. It is essential to understand that prejudices go way back in history and not only link to racial issues but to gender, immigrants and several other aspects comprise in it.

Lamb to the Slaughter Essay Example for Free

Lamb to the Slaughter Essay Rohal Dahl’s short story, ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’, set in the early 20th century, isn’t your typical crime-fiction story, a murder is brewing. As the detectives strive for answers, eating away their only clue, Dahl communicates to the reader that the contrast is unexpected. A housewife, Mary Maloney, is expecting her husband home after a long day at work; unaware to the news he carries with him. Dahl never reveals the news to the readers, but gives them clues by Mary’s reactions. As the author continues the story, the readers sense a mood between Mr. and Mrs. Maloney. This serves the purpose of foreshadowing by hinting at a future problem or disagreement. Dahl uses several writing techniques such as language style, characterization, point of view, plot structure and setting to make the story more exciting and enjoyable. Lamb to the Slaughter, is written in their person to take most of the character’s personal feelings out of the story. Writing in third person is a stronger, more forceful type of writing because the main points and events stand out them selves without feelings getting in the way. One of the reasons authors write in third person is to dis-include themselves from the story. By using words like they, she and he, Dahl has excluded both himself and the reader from the story, creating a stronger, more enjoyable story. The first character introduced in the novel is Mary Maloney. Because it is only a short story, Dahl has left most of the physical features of the character out and focused more in the idiosyncrasies and actions of each character. Along the way Mary’s features are described but not in dept. Another way characters are revealed is by the way others react to them and how much emotion each character puts in their speech. Dahl has made sure that the readers feel intrigued by Mrs. Maloney’s character and how she changes from such an innocent woman to an emotionless murderer.

How a Researchers View on Children Can Influence the Outcome of Resear

Power relations among children and young people may have been neglected in previous research as adults have indeed claimed superiority Understandings of childhood during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries arise towards children and young people actively participate in the process of research. Ethical issues are relevant to all elements of the research process, up to and including dissemination. Research should be managed within an appropriate framework that includes an appropriate consideration of ethics, and when working with children and young people deliberation on their rights and viewpoints. Ethical issues are of the utmost important when researching to ensure the research is carried out in a morally correct way and should be based on values, beliefs and attitudes. The papers I shall be drawing upon are: ‘Negotiating Autonomy: Children’s Use of Time and Space in Rural Bolivia’ – Samantha Punch (2004) ‘Gender Play: Girls and Boys in Schoolà ¢â‚¬â„¢ – Barrie Thorne (2004) Throughout history and in all cultures adults exercise power over children, in all aspects of their lives from parental power, teacher/school regulation through to the passing of laws at national level that affect the lives of all children within that society. S. A. Taylor (2000) cited in Doing Research with Children and Young People Edited by Fraser et al, pointed out that it is adults and not children themselves who write about, debate and decide what rights children should have.. This can be seen as an indication of the power adults exercise over children which confines them to subordinate roles within society. Power means different things to different people, however, it is generally t... ...esearch is not always an easy choice. There is often a fine balance between respecting the information gained from a child which has been freely given on a confidential basis and ensuring adequate protection for the child. Similarly ensuring that informed consent is given may result in some children not taking part in the research, but it also protects children from covert research which may not show them in a true light. As we have seen ethical issues are not always easy to resolve, but it is important to identify potential ethical problems so that ways of addressing them can be determined. Whether or not a piece of research is required to be approved by an ethics committee or not, by raising ethical questions during the planning stage it helps to ensure protection for both children and researchers and ultimately leads to better, well thought out research.

Death Penalties in the UK Essay

In PSHE we were studying death penalties in the world. All of the students had different opinions on why we should have or why we shouldn’t have it like it is now in the UK. In this case my opinion is to keep it how it is and not punish criminals with death penalties. I would like to keep the law with no death penalties in the UK. This is because even though the do horrible crimes to get a death penalty, they are still human and there are a lot of things that could go wrong. You could be taking an innocent person who done nothing wrong and giving the death penalty and realizing your mistake after they’re dead. Even if they are guilty there could be so much pain when they are getting injected or shot or any other ways to kill them. Just because they’re murderers, they are still human. Also, what if they did get their death penalty but they didn’t die until an hour after or several minutes, just imagine how much pain that person would be, how their family would feel, how you would feel if you were in that same position. A woman from the UK was sent to America to get a death penalty for something she might not have done and we’re only depending on the evidence of two people. On May 4th 1990 in Florida a man named Jesse Joseph Tafero was executed on the electrocution chair. During the execution, six-inch flames erupted from Tafero’s head, and three jolts of power were required to stop his breathing. State officials claimed that the botched execution was caused by â€Å"inadvertent human error† the inappropriate substitution of a synthetic sponge for a natural sponge that had been used in previous executions. They attempted to support this theory by sticking a part of a synthetic sponge into a â€Å"common household toaster† and observing that it smoldered and caught fire. Just ask yourself the question: would you liked to be treated this way? This also has a bad picture on Britain. Keep the old saying into your head: treat other people the way YOU would like to be treated. This is my opinion and I think you should take this on mind because we would like to keep a nice image on Britain and not damage it more than it already is. Please don’t put the death penalty in Britain. A lot of people would agree with me.

Art History Study Notes

Art Hist. Review Ancient Greek Art and Arch. (600 BCE-30 BCE) The Early Classical Period 480-450 BCE 5. 23 KRITIOS BOY Acropolis, Athens 480 BCE -Marble -He is self confident and serious looking -He is a sculpture in the round -The artist is believed to be KRITIOS -The statue has an S-curve to him and is in the contrapposto pose, which is when artists use tension and relaxation around the central axis of the body to increase to muscular tension and enhance the musculature of a body. It is shown here because his weight is all on the left foot, causing his hip to jut out.His right knee is slightly bent and he has a slight drop in his shoulders. -The artist also made a point to have his head slightly turned to hint that the viewer should take in the entirety of the piece. High Classical Period 450-400 BCE 5. 29 ACROPOLIS, ATHENS 447-432 BCE -In the High classical period which only lasted a half-century and set the standards for art and architecture. There was also turmoil between the Sp artans and the Athenians in this time period which was referred to as the Peloponnesian War. -â€Å"Acro† means high and â€Å"polis† means city. The Acropolis of Athens was once considered a fortress and sanctuary but was later turned into a religious and ceremonial centre for Athena the cities patron and protector. -It was destroyed by Persian troops in 480 BCE and was going to be left and a memorial site of ruins but Perikles convinced them to rebuild it. 5. 31 Parthenon, Acropolis Athens 447-432 BCE -KALLIKRATES AND IKTINOS -Pantelic Marble -Has the pediment, frieze, triglyph, metope, architrive, abacus, mechinus and necking -Athens, Corinth and Sparta. Depicted gods and goddesses who they believed were immortal and supernatural -Sanctuaries for gods and goddesses in form of outdoor alters—replaced by temples integrated into natural site -temples decorated with ceramic sculptures -mathematical proportions which artists use to convey structure and order 4:9 r atio 4Ãâ€"2+1 -human values of truth virtue and harmony -High classical period -plain capital -temple dedicated to Athena -stylobate floor columns rest on and stereobate foundation itself -post and lintel system -entasis columns slightly swell in the middle -Doric order plain capitals peace, prosperity and power through the building projects -transport wood, gold, marble and ivory -sculptures celebrate the Greek victory over Persians 5. 32 EAST PEDIMENT OF THE PARTHENON 447-432 BCE (ATHENS) – High Classical period 450-400 BCE -Sculpture in the round filled both pediments of the Parthenon -illustrated the birth of Athena, fully grown and clad in armor, from the brow of her father Zeus. -The statues from the west pediment are the best preserved of the two. -besides Zeus and the newborn Athena are three goddesses followed by a single reclining male figure who could be Diomysos or Herakles. In the left corner was Helios (sun god) in his horse-drawn chariot rising from the sea an d to the right the moon god Selene descends in her chariot to the sea. -The running female figure in the center is Iris the messenger of the gods. P. G. 134 SPEAR BEARER (DORYPHOROS) 450-440 BCE (NAPLES) -POLYKLEITOS -Marble -developed canon of proportions system of measurement used to determine the proportions of the body -contropposto pose is balance and counterbalance one foot bearing weight and one not bearing the weight.In this case his right foot is the one bearing all the weight of his body while the left foot is relaxed. -It is said to be the hero Achilles -Theorists believed that the basic unit was the length of the figures index finger or the width of the figures hand across the knuckles; others think it was the height of the head from chin to hairline. -S-curve -High classical period -spear bearer, idealized, exaggerated The Late Classical Period 400-323 BCE 5. 46 MAN SCRAPING HIMSELF (APOXYOMENOS) 350-325 (VATICAN) -LYSIPPOS -Marble sculpture -Done in the late classical period male nude athlete, which is a typical Classical subject -This is a sculpture in the round that depicts a young athlete after his workout removing dirt and oil from his body with a tool called a strigil. -Has a different canon of proportions than The Spear Bearer. -His head is smaller in proportion to The Spear Bearer and his legs are spread further apart to counterbalance his outstretched arms. -There is a pronounced S-curve to his posture. -The arms break free into the surrounding space inviting the viewer to take in the entirety of the piece. The Early Roman Empire 27 BCE-96 CE P. G. 76-177 ARA PACIS AUGUSTAE 13-9 BCE -Ancient roman art -Dedicated to Augustus’ triumphant return from the capital after three years of establishing Roman rule in Gaul and Hispania. -It was aligned with a giant sundial. -it contained propoganda of portraiture and allegory, religion and polotics and the private and the public. -on the inside of the alter there are foliate garlands suspended in swags from ox skulls, which symbolize sacrificial offering at the alter during annual commemorations and garlands signify the continuing peace and prosperity brought to the Roman world by Augustae. Augustae’s Imperial Family is depicted on the south side of the Ara Pacis and represent his extended family, possibly Marcus Agrippa (far left) who might have been his successor. The child pulling at Agrippa’s robe is possibly Agrippa’s son Gaius Caesar. The women next to Agrippa on the right may be Augustus’ wife, Livia who grasps her younger sons hand (Germanicus) who is in beside Tiberius (the next emporer). Behind Tiberius is Antonia, Augusts’ niece who looks at her husband Drusus (Livia’s younger son). -Pax Romana — Roman Peace -pointifex maximus—high priest 6. 34 & 6. 5 FLAVION AMPITHEATER (COLOSSEUM) 70-80 CE (ROME) -Tuscan bottom -Ionic middle -Corinthian on top -It was called the colosseum because the statue of Nero call ed the colossus stood next to it. -seating was by rank lower the rank higher you sat -Early Roman Empire -Flavion dynasty -begun under Vespasian finished under Titus -soldiers would fight animals -tiered seating with good sight lines from where you sit. -Top level covered by and onning -top story in referred to as attic -cartouche —shield shaped ornaments -look at Roman arches High Imperial Art of Trajan and Hadrian 6. 38 MODEL OF IMPERIAL ROME 324 CEColosseum, Temple of Venus and Rome, Arch of Titus, Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rorum of Vespasian, Forum of Augustus, Forum of Julius Ceasar, Rostrum, Forum of Trajan, Basilica Ulpia, Colmn of Trajan, Patheon. 6. 45 THE PANTHEON 118-128 CE (ROME) -It was built for the â€Å"all the gods† -built by Marcus Agrippa son in law of Augustus -it has a giant rotunda surmounted by a huge, bowl-shaped dome. -the oculus that allows light into the rotunda building shows a pattern-like formation when looking up at the coffe rs in the dome’s ceiling. -Corinthian columns -optimus is a skylight or opening in dome corticoid of columns -Exadraie niche for the statues rectilinear and rounded arches -made out of brick and concrete (powdered lime, small rocks, pebbles, rubble) -produced during high imperial period -Hadrian oversaw building of this he admired Greek art and arch. -podium or steps in front of building that lead to porch -Rotunda and dome -Pantheon means all the gods Early Christian Art P. G. 228 OLD ST. PETER’S BASILICA 320-327 (ROME) -It is a longitudinal-plan churches are characterized by a forecourt, the atrium, leading to an entrance porch, the narthex, which spans one of the building’s short ends. The nave can be lit by windows along its upper level just under the clerestories, called a clerestory above the aisles roof. -At the opposite end of the nave from the narthex is a semicircular projection, the apse, which functions as the building’s focal point where the alter, raised on a platform. -plan is known as the Latin cross CHURCH OF SANTA COSTANZA 350 (ROME) -This church is a central-plan church, which were first used by the Christians. -Central planned churches have an atrium, a narthex, and an apse. It has a central more vertical axis from the center up through the dome, which may have functioned as a symbolic â€Å"vault of heaven†. 7. 15 ORATORY OF GALLA PLACIDIA 425-426 (RAVENNA) -It is one of the earliest surviving Christian structures in Ravenna is an oratory, which is a small chapel). -Its named after Honorius’ half-sister Galla Placidia. -Galla Placidia was the daughter of Western Roman Emperor, the wife of a Gothic King and the mother of Emperor Valentinian. -This small building is cruciform, which means cross-shaped. -Each arm is covered with a Barrel vault and a pendentive dome covers the square base at its center. it is designed to make you feel as though you are walking from the real world to the supernatural wo rld as you walk into the interior of the church. -the upper walls are filled with standing apostles, gesturing like orators. Eternal life in heaven is symbolized by doves flanking a small fountain between the apostles. -The Marter caries a cross over his shoulder like a trophy gesturing towards the fire-engulfed grill he was roasted on martyrdom. The Gospels are to the left signifying the faith for which he gave his life. 7. 16 THE GOOD SHEPARD 425-426 (RAVENNA) Jesus is an adult emperor wearing purple and gold royal robes. He wears a golden halo and carries a golden staff that ends in a cross to represent his imperial majesty. -Christianity was the official state of religion for the 45 years this is why the artist chose to depict Jesus in the mosaic. Early Byzantine Art 7. 17 CHURCH OF HAGIA SOPHIA 532-537 (ISTANBUL) -ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES AND ISIDORUS OF MILETUS -means Holy Wisdom -It was rebuilt after a devastating revolt that killed 30,000 people set fire to the old church burnin g it to the ground. -Anthemius and Miletus rebuilt the church in just 5 years longitudinal and central architectural planning -flanking conches-semi domes-extend the extend central space into longitudinal nave with the narthex on one end and the half dome of the sanctuary apse on the other. The core called the naos is flanked by side isles and galleries overlooking the naos. 7. 20 CHURCH OF SAN VITALE 520 (RAVENNA) -Ecclesius bishop of Ravenna commissioned two new churched one for the port and one the city. -A martyrium is a church built over a grave was dedicated to 4th-century Roman martyr St. Vitalis in the 520’s -central domed octogon with circular rooms flanking the apse. the church and palace are joined by a separate oval narthex and access to second floor gallery. -It has a double set of doors leading into the church. 7. 21-7. 22 CHRIST ENTHRONED, FLANKED BY ANGELS, ST. VITALIS AND BISHOP ECCLESIUS 547 ( RAVEENA) -Early Byzantine Art -Christ is flanked by St. Vitalis a nd Bishop Ecclesius. -Christ appears dressed in imperial purple and enthroned on an orb of paradise, which is evident because of the 4 rivers that flow beneath him. -two winged angels flank him, like imperial bodyguards or attendants. -Christ holds a scroll with 7 seals at his Second Coming at the end of time. he offers a crown to martyrdom (far left) labeled by St. Vitalis. -Bishop Eucclesius holds a model of the church offering it to Christ. 7. 23 EMPEROR JUSTINIAN AND HIS ATTENDANTS, NORTH WALL OF APSE 547 (RAVENNA) -Early Byzantine Art -Justinian carries a large golden paten that will be used to hold the Eucharitic Host and stands beside Maximianus, who holds a gold jewel encrusted cross. The priests to the right hold carry the Gospels, in a golden jeweled book that symbolizes the coming of Word, and a censer with burning incense to purify. 7. 24 EMPRESS THEODORA AND HER ATTENDANTS, SOUTH WALL OF THE APSE 547 (RAVENNA) -Early Byzantine Art Theodora wears a golden halo and elabor ate crown while she stands under a fluted shell canopy, she carries a jeweled golden chalice. -The rulers present these gifts as offerings to Christ -At the bottom of Theodora’s cloak the three Magi who brought gifts to Jesus are depicted. -Revolves around themes of offering -They stand beside a fountain and the open doorway and curtain are space-creating devices. 7. 35 CHRIST PANTOKRATOR AT CREST OF CENTRAL DOME, WITH SCENES FROM THE LIFE OF CHRIST IN THE PENDENIVES, (GREECE) LATE 11TH CENTURY -Early Byzantine Art The image of the Pantokrator is at the centre of the dome like a divine surveyor. -Christ blesses the segregation with one hand and clutches a massive book in the other. -In the corners piers are four signal life episodes: Annunciation, Nativity, Baptism and Transfiguration. 14. 13 14. 14 PALACE CHAPEL OF CHARLEMAGNE 792-805 (GERMANY) -The Carolingian Empire – Was Charlemagne’s private place of worship. -central octagonal plan with a monumental wester n entrance block. -It used westwork, which is a structure combined with a ground-floor narthex and an upper level throne room that opened onto the chapel interior. It also opened outside into a large walled forecourt. – The core of the chapel is surrounded by and ambulatory and a gallery on the second floor which rises to a clerestory under the dome and above the gallery. -There are Corinthian columns on the gallery level. -This chapel was clearly inspired by Byzantine Architecture with the mosaics and patterned multi-colored stone. 14. 16 SAINT GALL PLAN 817 (SWITZERLAND) -The Carolingian Empire -At the center of the Saint Gall Plan is the cloister, which is an enclosed courtyard which opens all the buildings that are most central to the lives of the monks. the large basilican church to the north of the cloister is where monks would gather for communal prayer throughout the day and night. -on the north side of the church there were public buildings. -the monks living quarter s were off to the southern and eastern sides of the cloister with the dormitory, refectory and work rooms. – the kitchen, brewery and bakery were attached to the refectory and a huge cellar was on the west side. -Along the East edge there is a hospital, cemetery, and an educational center. 14. 24 DOORS OF BISHOP BERWARD 1015 (GERMANY) -Bronze doors are more than 16 feet tall. Ottonian Europe -cast in the lost wax process -the left side depicted scenes from the Hebrew bible and the right was scenes from the new testament. -It depicts life in paradise, the fall, life in the new world and Eve’s children on the left and Promise of Return to Paradise, The passion, Infancy of Jesus and Mary’s child on the right. -all depicted in low relief Romanesque Art : in the Roman manner P. G. 458 THE PILGRIMAGE ROUTES TO SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA -In the 11th and 12th centuries religious pilgrimage became very popular in Western Europe. 15. 7-8 THE ABBEY AT CLUNY 1088-1130 (FRANCE) in the 2nd half of the 11th century there were 200 monks in residence. -The cloister is at the center of the monastic community joining the church with domestic buildings and workshops. -it had elaborately carved capitals and relief sculptures on the piers. -it may have been to direct and inspire the monks thoughts and prayers. -Cluniac monks observed the traditional 8 hours of the Divine Office spread over the day and night. -The church was a basilica with five aisles, double transept with chapels and an ambulatory and radiating chapels around the alter. The nave had a three part elevation -it had pointed arches with Classical ornaments. -there were clerestory windows in each bay and a pointed barrel vault with transverse arches. 15. 9 -10 NAVE, ABBEY CHURCH OF NOTRE-DAME, FONTENAY 1139-1147 – founded by St. Bernard of Clairvaux – no interior decoration because he believed it would be a distraction to the monks – Cistercians led a very austere simple life â₠¬â€œ Romanesque means in the Rome manner – Feudalism lords owned lands loaned to Basils and bellow Basils were Peasants – Building has simplicity, austerity Windows symbolize the holy trinity- father, son and the holy ghost – Cloister is where the monks gathered – Simple geometric plan with a long bay-divided nave, rectangular chapels off the square ended transept arms and a shallow choir. – There are pointed barrel vaults over the nave and pointed arches in the nave arcade and side isle bays. 15. 22 SOUTH PORTAL AND PORCH, SHOWING CHRIST IN MAJESTY, PRIORY CHURCH OF SAINT-PIERRE, MOISSAC 1115 (FRANCE) -Christ in Majesty dominates the tympanum and is a visual of the Second Coming in chapters 4 and 5 of the Revelation. He is enclosed by a mandorla and a halo rings his head -the four winged creatures symbolize the evangelists, Matthew the man, Mark the lion, Luke the ox and John the eagle. -rippling bands may represent waves in the â€Å"sea of clas s like crystal† THE LAST JUDGMENT TYMPANUM AT AUTUN 1120- 1130 (FRANCE) -GISLEBERTUS -Inscription in Latin on Christ -Mary is enthroned as Queen of heaven and St. Peter bellow is shown with the large keys slung over his shoulder as heavenly gatekeeper. -angel pushes the saved into open archway and into heaven another figure stands beside the angel impatiently waiting to be hoisted up as well. cross and scallop shell identify two bottom figures as former pilgrims and will be a factor in their favor at the last judgment. -hell is represented as a Basilica with the devil emerging capturing sinners for eternal torment -he uses a sharp hook to capture luxuria who is the personification for lust. Gothic Art of the 12th and 13th Centuries 16. 6 WEST FACADE, CHARTERS CATHEDRAL 1134-1260 (FRANCE) -dedicated to the virgin Mary its main treasure is a piece of cloth said to have been worn by the Virgin Mary when she gave birth to Jesus. -It was a gift from Byzantine Empress Irene to Charl emagne surrounding the three doors is the Royal Portal used for important ceremonial entrances -the middle tympanum Christ enthroned in majesty returns at the end of time surrounded by 4 evangelists. The apostles in 4 groups of 3 fill the litel while 24 elders of the Apocalypse line the archivolts. -The right portal is dedicated to the Incarnation and shows Mary in the early life of Christ -in the left portal is the Ascension where Jesus floats up in a cloud supported by angels. -On the top of the three portals Jesus’ life on earth is depicted in a series of narrative scenes. Kings, Queens and prophets from the Hebrew bible are what give the Royal Portal its name. 16. 10-11 NAVE & PLAN,CHARTERS CATHEDRAL 1194 (FRANCE) -Romanesque pilgrimage plan -became typical Gothic structure -it used pointed arches, ribbed groin vaults and flying buttresses. -upper level was now a triform rather than a gallery -the large clerestory windows are formed with lancets that have small circular r ose windows done by plate tracery-holes cut in wall replaced with stained glass 16. 12 THE GOOD SAMARITAN WINDOW 1200-1210 (CHARTERS CATHEDRAL) -On sin and salvation and is Gothic narrative art -Jesus told his followers to teach a moral truth it is a parody for Jesus’ redemption for humanity’s sins -Adam and Eve’s fall introduce sin into the world and Christ rescues humanity from sin -figures characterize gothic figures because of their dancelike postures 16. 13 ROSE WINDOW AND LANCETS (CHARTERS CATHEDRAL FRANCE) 1230-1235 -quatrefoils are four lobed designs within the rose itself – The North Rose and its five lancet windows were a gift from Queen Blanche of Castille in 1230. -The rose window depicts the Glorification of the Virgin: Virgin and Child surrounded by doves and angels, then Old Testament kings and Old Testament prophets. Lancets, from left to right: Melchizadek and King Saul; King David and King Jeroboam; St Anne and the infant Mary with the a rms of the Royal House of France; King Solomon and King Nebuchadezzar; Aaron and Pharaoh. 16. 14-17 THE CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE-DAME IN REIMS 1211-1428 (FRANCE) -finished under Philip the Fair -five master masons directed the work over a century. -Mary is featured in the central portal, because of the growing popularity of her cult. -Christ crowns her as queen of heaven in the central gable. -â€Å"the gallery of kinds is the only horizontal element of the facade.WEST FACADE -It depicts Visitation and Mary on the left and Elizabeth pregnant with St. John the Baptist on the right. -the figures are in contrapposto pose because their weight is shifted to one foot as they turn towards each other. -Villard highlighted an innovation that was the development of bar tracery, where thin stone bars called mullions are inserted into the wall to form a lacy framework for the stained glass. 16. 31-32 PULPIT 1260 (ITALY) -NCOLA PISANO – Corinthian columns -elevated and are carved in design of animals -gothic trefoil arch and 6 sided pulpit enunciation angle of Gabriel announces that Mary is pregnant with Christ -classical and naturalistic style -New Testament Subjects -Each panel narrates several continuous scenes such as : Annunciation, Nativity and Adoration of the Shepherds. 16. 33 NATIVITY 1302-1310 (PISA) -GIOVANNI PISANO – deeply carved setting -Mary gazing at her baby as the midwife below her prepares the bath for the child. -Sheep, shepherds and angels spiral up towards the trees to the right -it is as dynamic as Nicola’s is static. Fourth Century Art in Europe 17. 5 VIRGIN AND CHILD ENTHRONED 1280 (FLORENCE) -CIMABUE -tempera and gold on wood panel the Virgin and Child are surrounded by angels and places a row of Hebrew prophets below them. -Mary is depicted in hierarchy and holds Jesus on her lap. – she looks at the viewer while gesturing at her son. -her throne is bronze with enamels and gems inset and provides framework for the figures. H e uses thin gold lines to highlight the drapery of the figures to give them a sense of divinity. -he gives naturalistic warmth and dimension to his human figures. 17. 6 VIRGIN AND CHILD ENTHRONED 1305-1310 (FLORENCE) -GIOTTO DI BONDONE – tempera and gold on wood panel -painted for the church of Ognissanti figures are in a symmetrical composition and use the hierarchy scale like Cimabue’s Virgin and Child Enthroned. -Mary takes up a large amount of space and overwhelms her Gothic throne. -the halos also overlap the faces of the figures in the background -she holds her child’s leg instead of pointing to him. -he has created a better sense of dimension compared to Cimabue’s -the angels are foreshortened and project towards us. 17. 7 SCROVEGNI (ARENA) CHAPEL 1305-1306 (PADUA) -GIOTTO DI BONDONE -fresco -he covered the entrance wall with The Last Judgment and the sanctuary wall with 3 scenes from the life of Christ. The Annunciation spreads over two painted ar chitectural frameworks on either side of the opening to the sanctuary. -below and to the left of this is the scene of Judas getting payment for betraying Jesus and to the right the scene of Visitation where Mary pregnant with God is with Elisabeth who is pregnant with John the Baptist. -Colors complement each other, which is supposed to make the viewers relate them to each other -there is a grisaille which is a painting done in all grays -paint replicated marble and carved medallions on vertical bands -portrait disks float like glowing moons in the blue sky. 17. MARRIAGE AT CANA, RAISING OF LAZARUS, LAMENTATION AND RESURRECTION/NOLI ME TANGERE 1305-06 (PADUA) -GIOTTO DI BONDONE -fresco -scene from Christ’s life -top left Jesus performs his first miracle, at the wedding feast at Cana turning water to wine and the wine-steward sips it. -to the right is the Raising of Lazarus where figures twist in space using gestures they react to the drama by pleading for the help of Jesus. J esus’ eyes are locked on Lazarus. -on the lower left register is Jesus’s followers grieving over his dead body in a circle of grief. Mary holds her dead son and John flings his arms back in despair and hunches over the corps. 7. 9 KISS OF JUDAS SCROVEGNI (ARENA) ITALY 1305-06 -GIOTTO DI BONDONE -fresco – the mark of betrayal that shows the first step to Crucifixion for Jesus. -they are slightly off-center in the foreground. -Judas wears the same outfit as in the scene of payment for his betrayal and looks as though he completely swallows Christ’s body. -faces glare from all directions -Jesus is calm unlike the figures in the rest of the scene. -Peter is seen lunging forward to cut off the ear of a member of the arresting retinue. -The scenes of cloth compress the chaos into the picture as if to protect the viewer.

Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy

Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy Free Online Research Papers Cognitive-behavioral play therapy is an approach to treating young children that adapts cognitive and behavior therapies in developmentally sensitive ways. Like adult-based cognitive and behavior therapies, cognitive-behavioral play therapy is psychoeducational in nature. However, the learning experiences designed to bring about cognitive and behavioral changes are transmitted through play activities through the use of both verbal and nonverbal forms of communication. Cognitive-behavioral play therapy is based on cognitive and behavioral theories of emotional development and disorder. CBPT is structured, directive, and problem-focused. CBPT involves the child in the treatment through play, using art materials, stuffed animals, puppets, and other toys. The childs thoughts and feelings are the focus as the therapist provides a strategy for developing more adaptive behaviors and thoughts. Rather than being open-ended, CBPT is goal oriented, directive, and structured. A primary goal of cognitive therapy is to identify and modify maladaptive thoughts associated with the patients symptoms (Bedrosian Beck, 1980, as cited in Knell, 1997). Cognitive therapy assumes that there is a relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Mutual influences exist such that changes in one of these areas of functioning will result in changes in the other two areas. Cognitive behavioral therapy recognizes these influences while trying to modify a childs emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning. There are both similarities and differences between cognitive-behavioral play therapy and traditional play therapies. The similarities are the establishment of a positive therapeutic relationship, communication through play, creating a safe container for the child, and the therapist gathering clues to understand the child. The therapist observes how the child may view him or herself and others, problem-solving approaches, and conflicts and fantasies. Some of the ways in which CBPT differs from traditional play therapy include the establishment of specific goals, the therapist playing an active role in selecting materials and activities, using play to educate the child, and using praise to encourage positive behaviors. Before beginning treatment, the therapist may want to obtain the childs self-statements, assumptions, and beliefs. The therapist can obtain this information from parents, observation, and various psychological tests. After a thorough assessment of the child, the cognitive-behavioral interventions can be presented through role-play, positive reinforcement, and modeling (Knell, 1997). A child with school phobia might role-play the experience of going to school while using new coping skills, such as positive self-statements. The therapist might reward the child for using newly acquired skills to cope with school phobia. Modeling is used to demonstrate adaptive coping methods to the child. During treatment, problem situations are reenacted to help the child learn alternative ways to respond to or perceive various situations. The therapy must be designed to facilitate generalization. Therapeutic play scenarios should parallel the childs real-life situations. When working with children, it is important to help them develop the skills necessary to take what they have learned in therapy and apply it to a variety of settings. Significant adults in the childs life should reinforce the new behavior and be involved in the treatment. Relapse prevention should be included in the treatment in order to prepare the child and family for the possibility of later problems. The therapist can teach the child and his or her parents how to learn from these setbacks while accepting the belief that setbacks are part of the learning process (Knell, 1997). The therapist and family might identify high-risk situations and facilitate problem-solving and coping skills to manage these situations. REFERENCES Knell, Susan M. (1997). Child-centered play therapy. In Kevin J. OConnor Lisa Mages Braverman (Eds.), Play therapy theory and practice: A comparative presentation (pp. 17-45). New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Research Papers on Cognitive-Behavioral Play TherapyThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is ArtIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital